GUESS THE DISEASE

Here's a mini brain activity: 

Due to misfolding of the transmembrane conductance regulator protein responsible for the transport of chloride ions across the cell membranes of several types of epithelial cells including those lining the respiratory tract. During an infection, large quantities of neutrophils migrate to the lungs. Alveolar monocytes circulate the bloodstream and play a role in the clearance of pathogens in the lungs with the aid of helper T cells. Type-2 helper cell response fights off proallergens and parasite, but not bacterium like P. aeruginosa. About 10% of people suffering from this illness develops bronchopulmonary aspergillosis upon exposure to the bacteria [or any other opportunistic infection] which leads to increased levels of IgE and IL-4. 

Additional info: Treatment for lung infection include oral medicine to reduce inflammation. Pmph inhibitors are given to prevent GERD. 

a) Sarcoidosis

b) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

c) Bronchiectasis 

d) Cystic Fibrosis

DICTIONARY

• Actin: Protein that forms (with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells, which is involved in the motion of other types of cells. 

This is an example of an Actin-Myosin Sliding Filament Theory

http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/api%20notes%20j%20%20muscle%20contraction.htm

• Muscle Contraction: Is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle fibers. This action occurs via a series of repeated events. First, calcium binds to actin triggering a shape of troponin and revealing the myosin-binding sites of actin beneath tropomyosin. Myosin binds; ATP is split, releasing energy, resulting in deformation of myosin hinge region. Then, actin [bound to myosin] is pulled past myosin filament. Myosin binds new ATP and detaches from actin, resetting the myosin head. Without energy/ATP, muscular rigidity occurs. 
• Kinesin: Are head domains of ATPase activity and microtubule-binding site. They transport cargo vesicles and chromosomes during mitosis. This is different from dynein, which also transports cargo protein but associated with the beating of cilia and eukaryotic flagella. Kinesin is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP [thus ATPase]. 

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Child Care

Family dynamics impact health in negative and positive ways. Having a supportive and loving family provides emotional support, economic well-being, and increases overall health. When there's conflict [domestic abuse, substance abuse, or violence] in the family, it negatively affects the structure of the family. Research demonstrated that a supportive, loving family increases the likelihood of the chronic disorder, depression, and mental illness. 

Another aspect in showing care for your child is feeding your kid well-balanced diets like fruits/vegetables, proteins, wheat/grain, and vitamins. Keep healthy foods within arms reach. Praise healthy eating choices, and do not nag your child(ren) at their eating habits. Here's a picture of what should be included on your kid's plate: 

Mental illness a vital topic that parents should discuss with your children. Here are factors that help decrease the risk of developing mental illness: 

• Help and support from family members
• A stable environment at home and in school
• Build-up their self-esteem
• Friendships and positive peer relationships
• Healthy interests outside the home of the child. 

It's YOUR responsibility to know and identify if YOUR children have a mental illness. Care four your child's mental health. Communicate with them. Let them know that they can come to you for support and advice. Healthy Communication is mandatory as a caregiver. It's all about honesty, respect, listening, and talking. Listen to their feelings, care for their needs. You can even go exercising with your children. Go for a walk. Cook together. Smiling at your child's builds a positive warmth. The most valuable gift that a child can receive is a parent's love, time, and support.

References

• http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/meal-planning-tips-healthy-family
• https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/parents/elementary-school/what-should-i-teach-my-elementary-school-aged-child-about-health

Mitochondria & Peroxisomes

In today's class, we discussed the role of TOM and TIM complexes in the mitochondria. The TOM (transmembrane of the outer membrane) are proteins found in the outer membrane of the mitochondria. There are many different types that provide movement of proteins through this barrier, and into the interspace membrane. 

http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bi314/summer09/mito.html

In this pathway, the precursor protein is recognized by TOM 20/22 receptors. Then transferred to TOM 40, the general import pore of the outer membrane, entering the TIM 23. After the protein passes through TIM23 channel, there's hydrophobic halt anchor sequence that blocks the translocation across the inner membrane. Proteins from internal domains are recognized by Oxa1. After transfer, the matrix targeting sequenced is cleaved. The protein reacts with Oxa1 [in the inner membrane]. After this reaction, the pathway is followed by multipass proteins like the ATP/ADP antiporter that lack an N-terminal matrix targeting sequence. The importer proteins are then recognized by TOM70/22, and the proteins pass through the outer membrane via the general import pore. 

On the other hand, peroxisome is an organelle found in the cytoplasm of many cells. It has many functions like reducing enzyme catalase, degrades uric acid/methanol/purines/fatty acids, and many more. In the liver, dolichol and cholesterol are synthesized in the organelle. There are two targeting pathways in peroxisomes: PTS1 and PTS2.